Who invented television? History of technology: who invented the television Who invented the television and in what year.

It is difficult for a modern person to live without a functional TV. This is a familiar technique for every family, with which you can have fun or get useful information, even go online. Innovations are no longer surprising. But it becomes interesting when and who invented television, and what the first models were.

It is important to know that before the invention of the television itself, technicians made radio. Regarding this invention, opinions about the creator vary: compatriots call Popov’s apparatus the inventor, while in other countries this honor is given to Branly, Marconi and Tesla.
But it is difficult to give a specific answer to the question about the person who invented and specifically invented the television. Many technicians have worked on this technology for many years and borrowed developments from each other.

First of all, it should be immediately said that the first television was invented by the brilliant technician Paul Nipkow. He came up with a special disc, which was later named after him. This invention was presented for review in 1884.

As a result, mechanical scanning and the radio signal that was familiar at that time subsequently led to the creation of a television. Using a Nipkow disk, it was possible to transfer the image after reading it to the screen.

Who was the inventor of the first mechanical television

Inventor John Bird used Nipkow technology to create the first television. This project began to be implemented in different countries of the world.
The production of such receivers became popular until the thirties. The image was clear, but the unit worked without sound. This was changed when scientists invented the cathode ray tube.


It was John Bird who invented the mechanical television. Subsequently, he organized a company under his own name, and was considered the only manufacturer of television communications.
Who invented the first television in the world is a controversial question. These were minds working on the project at different time periods.

How the first TV worked

For the first television to function, the cathode ray tube had to be invented. Scientists tried to be the first to solve this problem. It is impossible not to mention Russia. In 1907, Boris Rosing filed a patent for this development. He managed to build technology using the early developments of scientists.
Back in 1887, German inventor Heinrich Hertz was able to prove the effect of light on electricity. Thus, the principle of the photoelectric effect was discovered.

He was unable to properly explain why such an effect could be used. Instead, this discovery was identified by Alexander Stoletov, who tried to make a prototype of photocells.
Afterwards, numerous scientists tried to present their hypotheses and explain the not entirely clear nature of such an interesting phenomenon. Even Albert Einstein dealt with this issue.

The emergence of the first television was particularly influenced by other great inventions. In 1879, a talented physicist named William Crookes created the first type of phosphors that glowed when struck by light from a cathode ray.
Next, Karl Brown created a prototype of the future kinescope.

This development was used in research by Boris Rosing. In 1933, his student, Vladimir Zvorykin, was able to create a TV equipped with an iconoscope. This is the name given to the electron tube.
Zvorykin is considered the founding father of modern television. The first television was even created in his personal American laboratory.

This did not happen in our country, since the scientist was an emigrant. In 1939, the first TVs appeared on store shelves. To transmit images using optical-mechanical scanning. But then, to improve image quality, they began to use a ray tube.
The operating principle of the equipment was the same as previously Nipkow disk. A set-top box with a 3 by 4 cm screen was connected to a radio receiver. After that they switched to other frequencies. Afterwards, you could watch a variety of programs that were shown in other countries.

Who invented color television

After the invention of the first TV, researchers made many attempts to create a color picture. Hovhannes Adamyan was the first to show the technology to the world. In 1908, he managed to create a patent for the transmission of a two-color image.
It is also worth mentioning John Brad, who managed to assemble a mechanical receiver for the first time.

It was he who, in 1928, managed to assemble a color television that transmitted three main images. At that time, special filters of three colors were used.

But these are just attempts, and a real and undeniable breakthrough in the researched field of color rendering occurred only after the Second World War. All the efforts of scientists were immediately thrown into production for citizens, and this led to rapid progress. In the USA they began to use open decimeter waves to transmit pictures.

Following this action, in 1940, American researchers released the first Triniscope system. It consisted of three separate picture tubes with lenses. Each was designed to reproduce and convey a single color.
In the USSR, similar methods of transmitting images appeared a little later - in 1951. A year later, residents of the country could watch a color picture on their TV. In the seventies, TV devices became firmly entrenched in the homes of TV viewers. But in the Soviet space, color technologies remained scarce for a very long time - until the eighties.

Who invented plasma TV

In the 21st century, few people use TV with an outdated picture tube. It was during this period that liquid crystal panels began to appear, as well as convenient and functional plasmas.
In 2010, CRT models were no longer in demand in stores, as flat PDP and LCD began to be sold. Many of them could already connect to the Internet and reproduce 3D.

The founder of plasma TV was Donald Bitzer in collaboration with Robert Wilson and Gene Slottow. They were able to build the first model of plasma TV.

But at that time they only used one cell, while modern models have millions. Research by scientists began back in 1964, but the development of plasma TV began only when the whole world began to use digital technologies.

Nowadays there is a TV in every home, but attempts to transmit image and sound over a distance were crowned with success not so long ago. The transmission of sound became possible after the discovery of radio waves and the invention of radio, but electromagnetic radiation, which allows the transmission of images, was tamed later, let's find out who invented the television.

The essence of television broadcasting is converting light waves into electrical signals with subsequent transmission of electrical signals through a communication channel and decoding of information in the reverse order - from electrical impulses into pictures.

The inventor of the camera obscura back in the Middle Ages was able to turn light into an optical pattern. The conversion of light into electricity became possible with discovery of the chemical element selenium in 1817. It was possible to practically use the properties of the “lunar” mineral in 1839. The first step towards television was taken. The idea of ​​reverse conversion of an electrical signal into a light signal was realized in 1856, when I. G. Geisler invented the inertia-free tube, which converted electrical energy into an optical image using a conductor gas.

In 1875, Bostonian George Carey introduced first TV prototype– a mosaic structure consisting of gas-discharge tubes. Almost simultaneously, in the period from 1877 to 1880, three scientists from different countries unveiled a scheme involving alternate transmission of signals. Among them was our compatriot Porfiry Ivanovich Bakhmetyev, the inventor of the “telephotograph”. The Russian scientist presented a completely achievable idea, according to which, before transmission, the image was divided into separate parts, and after receiving it was restored into a single picture. In 1889, Professor Stoletov invented the photocell, after which, in 1907, B. L. Rosing created a patented principle of reverse conversion of electrical signals into an image using a cathode ray tube. Since then, this invention has been actively used in the design of television equipment. Without Boris Rosing, who was able to get a picture consisting of dots and shapes, the appearance of the first electronic television device would have been impossible.

Vladimir Zvorykin

After establishing a theoretical basis that gave an understanding of the essence of phenomena and the possibility of controlling signals of different nature, as well as the appearance of a number of inventions, the world came to the emergence of special devices, intended for television broadcast.

There is no clear answer to the question of who is considered the inventor of the television. Attempts to implement the process of converting light waves into electrical waves with subsequent restoration of the optical image were made by various scientists and inventors.

In 1884 German scientist Paul Nipkow created the first device for optical-mechanical beam scanning- the so-called “Nipkow Disk”. In fact, the device was an electronic telescope that read the image line by line.

Using the idea of ​​a talented German student, John Logie Baird was able to obtain picture on the screen of the receiving device. January 26, 1926 members of the Royal Institution of Great Britain observed for the first TV broadcast. Despite the fact that the image was very generalized and unclear, and there was no sound, it was still television. The scientist was not without a commercial spirit: Baird’s company began producing televisions.

The first kinescope was invented by Karl Brown. Subsequently, the glass “Brown Tube” became part of the television receiver.

Follower and student of Boris Rosing Vladimir Zvorykin invented and patented an electronic television system in 1932. To a certain extent, the scientist can be called the inventor of the first television.

How the first TV worked

First TV, suggested by John Baird, worked on the basis of Nipkow's disk. The device was a large rotating disk with holes located from the outer circumference to the center (along the Archimedean spiral). The size of the broadcast image was directly proportional to the size of the disk in the bounding box. The number of holes corresponded to the number of lines on the TV screen. The Nipkow disk rotated, moving the perforation, as a result of which a single image was divided into lines. The design had technical limitations that did not allow the translator screen to be enlarged. It was not possible to increase the number of holes indefinitely: the more the disk is covered with perforations, the smaller the size of the holes that should transmit light to the photocell. Eventually, The screens of the first television receivers were tiny - only 3 x 4 cm.

Low-line television made it possible to broadcast a television signal on long and medium waves, thanks to which they could “catch” a signal from Moscow even in Europe. But using a Nipkow Disk couldn't enlarge the screen even up to the size of a standard photograph - in this case the translator had to be equipped with a huge two-meter disk. But the principle of electronic television, proposed by Vladimir Zvorykin, was limited in frequency, since the picture was divided into a huge number of elements, the transmission of which would take up all the power. Was The decision was made broadcast television signals on ultrashort waves with a range of less than 10 meters. Ultrashort waves travel in a straight line, just like light pulses.

Zvorykin's TV worked on a different system. The device was based on inventions patented by the scientist - an iconoscope (a transmitting cathode ray tube) and a kinescope (a receiving tube that reproduces an image). In the late 1920s, the idea of ​​electronic television spread throughout the world.

The first TV in the USSR

First TV broadcast took place in the vastness of the Soviet Union in April 1931 of the year. At that time, domestic televisions had not yet been produced. The first television in the USSR appeared later, as the authorities did radio broadcasting bid, because they believed that this method of transmitting information more effective from a propaganda point of view. However, at that time in the USSR paper Nipkow disks were produced. Television signals were broadcast on long and medium frequencies. The sound was transmitted separately, and the picture separately.

Domestic craftsmen quickly mastered the intricacies of assembling television receivers. Cardboard perforated disk complemented by a neon lamp, providing signal reception and imaging on a miniature screen. A radio receiver was purchased to receive the sound signal. Assembly diagrams for homemade televisions were published in the magazine Radiofront.

Later, the Leningrad enterprise Comintern began producing domestic televisions operating according to the Nipkow system. The device resembled a set-top box with a 3 x 4 cm screen, designed for connection to a radio receiver. Television broadcasting has become regular. For a long time on the territory of the USSR There was only one channel broadcasting - First, whose work was interrupted during the Great Patriotic War. In the post-war period, the principle of electronic television began to be used, and the first kinescope television receiver was released. The second domestic television channel began broadcasting.

First color TV

The ideas for the first color television and the transmission of color images were developed in parallel with the implementation of the plan for black and white television broadcasting. Same John Baird in 1928 he figured out to build in a three-color filter into your television set. The images were transmitted through a light filter one by one. It is likely that the principle used by Baird was based on a proposal by Alexander Polumordvinov, who in 1900 applied for a patent for the first color three-component television system, Telefot. The inventor also proposed combining a perforated Nipkow disk with multi-colored filters.

In 1907 Hovhannes Adamyan patented two-color television system with simultaneous color transfer. Later, the scientist came up with a scheme for sequential transmission of three color signals. Adamyan's reaming apparatus was equipped with three series of holes covered with red, blue and green filters. It was this idea that John Baird later implemented. The disadvantage of the scheme was incompatibility with black and white television.

The first real color TV was released in America in the 20s of the last century. RCA devices could be freely purchased on credit.

It later turned out that the developers were ahead of the needs of the public: at that time, television viewers were quite satisfied with a black and white picture. The idea of ​​color television was returned to after the end of World War II.

The first color TV in the USSR

Research on color television in the USSR continued in 1947. On November 7, 1952, Leningrad Television successfully conducted an experimental broadcast color television broadcast.

In 1954, Soviet scientists developed the OSCM television broadcasting standard, and already in 1956 the same Leningrad Television Center broadcast the first film with color images. The quality of signal reception was tested on domestic black-and-white devices.

Since October 1, 1967, color television broadcasting in the USSR has been carried out using the SECAM standard. In 1977, domestic television broadcasts were broadcast entirely in color.

In the Soviet Union, their own color television was released later, although development began during the time of Zvorykin. In 1953, domestic enterprises produced Rainbow televisions based on Nipkow disks with color filters. After the transition to the principle of electronic television, the updated “Rainbow” and the “Temp-22” model were released.

The first domestic mass TV with color images was called “Rubin”.

Who invented plasma TV

In July 1964, University of Illinois professors D. Bitzer and G. Slottow developed the first prototype of a modern plasma TV. At that time, the technology did not arouse much interest. The topic of plasma apparatus was returned to with the advent of digital television. They invented and studied the properties of plasma. By that time, it became clear that the kinescope broadcast system needed to be replaced - electronic televisions did an excellent job of transmitting video, but to broadcast computer video graphics, a fundamentally new solution was needed.

The first device was equipped with only one cell. Modern TVs are equipped with millions of pixels.

In 1999, the world saw a Panasonic plasma TV with a sixty-inch diagonal. At that moment, televisions became much thinner than devices of previous generations.

With the advent of liquid crystal screens, plasma TV technology has somewhat suspended its development. The demand for “plasma” has decreased.

Since ancient times, humanity has dreamed of transmitting images over distances. We have all heard fairy tales and legends about magic mirrors, plates with apples and the like. But more than one millennium passed before this dream came true.

The first televisions suitable for mass production appeared in the late 30s of the last century. However, this was preceded by several decades of persistent research and many ingenious discoveries.

Where it all began

The era of television began after the discovery of the photoelectric effect. First of all, the internal photoelectric effect was used, the essence of which was that some semiconductors, when illuminated, significantly changed their electrical resistance.

The Englishman Smith was the first to note this interesting ability of semiconductors. In 1873, he reported on his experiments with crystalline selenium. In these experiments, selenium strips were placed in sealed glass tubes with platinum inputs. The tubes were placed in a lightproof box with a lid. In the dark, the resistance of the selenium strips was quite high and remained quite stable, but as soon as the lid of the box was removed, the conductivity increased by 15-100%.

Soon, Smith's discovery began to be widely used in television systems. It is known that every object becomes visible only if it is illuminated or if it is a source of light. Light or dark areas of an observed object or its image differ from each other by different intensities of light reflected or emitted by them. Television is precisely based on the fact that each object (if you do not take into account its color) can be considered as a combination of a large number of more or less light and dark points.

In 1878, Portuguese physics professor Adriano de Paiva outlined the idea of ​​a new device for transmitting images over wires in a scientific journal. De Paiva's transmitting device was a camera obscura with a large selenium plate mounted on the back wall. Different sections of this plate were supposed to change their resistance differently depending on the lighting. However, de Paiva admitted that he did not know how to perform the opposite effect - to make the screen at the receiving station light up.

In February 1888, Russian scientist Alexander Stoletov conducted an experiment that clearly demonstrated the effect of light on electricity. Stoletov managed to identify several patterns of this phenomenon. He also developed the prototype of modern photocells, the so-called “electric eye”. Later, many other great scientists were engaged in similar research, including F. Lenard, J. Thompson, O. Richardson, P. Lukirsky and S. Prilezhaev. But only Albert Einstein was able to fully explain the nature of the photoelectric effect in 1905.

In parallel with these studies, many others took place, which ultimately played an equally important role in the history of the creation of televisions. For example, in 1879, the English physicist William Crookes discovered substances that can glow when exposed to cathode rays - phosphors. Later it was found that the brightness of phosphors directly depends on the strength of their irradiation. In 1887, the first version of the cathode ray tube (kinescope) was introduced by the German physicist Karl Braun.

By the end of the 19th century, the very idea of ​​television no longer seemed something absurd and fantastic. None of the scientists any longer doubt the possibility of transmitting images over distances. One after another, projects for television systems are being put forward, most of them impracticable from the point of view of physics. The main principles of television operation were created by the French scientist Maurice Leblanc. Independently of him, the American scientist E. Sawyer also creates similar works. They described the principle that transmitting an image requires rapid frame-by-frame scanning, then converting it into an electrical signal. Well, since radio already existed and was successfully used, the issue of transmitting an electrical signal was resolved by itself.

In 1907, Boris Rosing managed to theoretically substantiate the possibility of obtaining images using a cathode ray tube, previously developed by the German physicist K. Braun. Rosing also managed to put this into practice. And although it was possible to obtain an image in the form of a single fixed point, this was a huge step forward. In general, Rosing played a huge role in the development of electronic television systems.

In 1933, in the United States, Russian emigrant Vladimir Zvorykin demonstrated an iconoscope - a transmitting electron tube. It is generally accepted that V. Zvorykin is the father of electronic television.

Mechanical TVs

The first mechanical scanning device was developed in 1884 by German engineer Paul Nipkow. This device once again confirmed the truth of the statement regarding the simplicity of everything ingenious. His device was a rotating opaque disk, up to 50 cm in diameter, with holes marked in an Archimedes spiral - the so-called Nipkow disk (sometimes in the literature the Nipkow device is called an “electric telescope”).

In this way, the image was scanned with a light beam, followed by transmission of the signal to a special converter. One photocell was enough for scanning. The number of holes sometimes reached 200. On the TV, the process was repeated in the reverse order - to obtain an image, a rotating disk with holes was again used, behind which there was a neon lamp. Using such a simple system, the image was projected. Also line by line, but with sufficient speed for the human eye to see the whole picture. Thus, projection televisions were the first to be created. The quality of the picture left much to be desired - only silhouettes and the play of shadows, but nevertheless, it was possible to discern what exactly was being shown. The Nipkow disk was the main component of almost all mechanical television systems until their complete extinction as a species.

Television is going to the masses

In 1925, Swedish engineer John Baird was the first to achieve the transfer of recognizable human faces. Again using a Nipkow disk. Somewhat later, he also developed the first television system capable of transmitting moving images.
The first electronic TV suitable for practical use was developed at the American research laboratory RCA, headed by Zvorykin, at the end of 1936. Somewhat later, in 1939, RCA introduced the first television designed specifically for mass production. This model was called RCS TT-5. It was a massive wooden box equipped with a 5-inch diagonal screen.
At first, the development of television went in two directions - electronic and mechanical (sometimes mechanical television is also called “low-line television”). Moreover, the development of mechanical systems occurred almost until the end of the 40s of the 20th century, before it was completely replaced by electronic devices. On the territory of the USSR, mechanical television systems lasted a little longer.

USSR

In parallel, the development of televisions took place on the territory of the Soviet Union. The first experimental television broadcast took place on April 29, 1931. From October 1 of the same year, television broadcasts became regular. Since no one had televisions yet, collective viewings were held in specially designated places. Many Soviet radio amateurs are starting to assemble mechanical models of televisions with their own hands. In 1932, when developing the Second Five-Year Plan, television received a lot of attention. On November 15, 1934, a television program with sound was broadcast for the first time. For quite a long time, there was only one channel - the First. During the Great Patriotic War, the broadcast was interrupted and restored only after its end. And in 1960, Channel Two appeared.

The first Soviet TV put on stream was called B-2. This mechanical model appeared in April 1932. The first electronic TV was created much later - in 1949. It was the legendary KVN 49. The TV was equipped with such a small screen that for more or less comfortable viewing, a special lens was installed in front of it, which had to be filled with distilled water. Subsequently, many other, more advanced models appeared. However, the build quality and reliability of Soviet televisions (even the latest models) were so low that they became the talk of the town. The production of color televisions in the USSR began only in mid-1967.

Color television

Although the color television system was developed by Zworykin in 1928, it was only by 1950 that its implementation became possible. And even then only as experimental developments. It took many years before this technology became generally available.

The first commercially available color TV was created in 1954 by the same RCA. This model was equipped with a 15 inch screen. Somewhat later, models with diagonals of 19 and 21 inches were developed. Such systems cost more than a thousand US dollars, and therefore were not accessible to everyone. However, if desired, it was possible to purchase this equipment on credit. Due to difficulties with the widespread organization of color television broadcasting, color television models could not quickly replace black and white ones, and for a long time both types were produced in parallel. Common standards (PAL and SECAM) appeared and began to be implemented in 1967.

Development of television

The rapid development of television in the second half of the 20th century led to the fact that several generations have already grown up who cannot imagine life without a television. The quality of broadcasting has increased significantly and has become digital. TVs themselves have ceased to be perceived as “boxes”, because flat LCD and plasma models have appeared. Screen sizes are no longer measured at a couple of tens of centimeters. Television has become the norm.

At the beginning, radio tubes were replaced by semiconductors - the first TV based on semiconductors was developed in 1960 by Sony. Later, models based on microcircuits appeared. Now there are systems where the entire electronic content of the TV is contained in one single microcircuit.

"The Evolution of Things": The History of TV

At the beginning of the 20th century, it was invented how to show an image, and then how to transmit a television program using radio waves. They started producing televisions, we will look at how designers and engineers have improved television receivers from the moment the television was created to the present day. Let's see how the evolution of television took place. We’ll also tell you the history of televisions briefly.

The first televisions

In the USA, the production of televisions began in 1928 with the production model of a mechanical television from General Electric called “Octagon”; this receiver did not go into large production and acted as a prototype.

In the UK, a mechanical television was also developed in 1928 and was called the "Baird Model "C".

Similar televisions were released in France in 1929 and the USSR in 1934.

When did televisions appear?

In the mid-30s of the 20th century, electronic televisions were developed; they had a small screen. Such TVs were produced by the USA, Great Britain, Germany, France and the USSR.

Televisions in 1940-1945

1940-1945 During World War II, industry switched to the development of military equipment, and the development of television receivers was suspended.

After the war, Europe was busy rebuilding, so televisions were produced only by the USA, Great Britain, and one model was also produced by France. Televisions have become smaller in size.

TVs 1950-1960

1950-1960 televisions began to be produced with screens with a diagonal of 7-10 inches, the principle of transmitting a color television signal was developed, color televisions began to be produced in the USA, televisions began to be equipped with remote control (the television was connected to the remote control by cable). Other countries began to produce televisions: Brazil, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Japan also released its first TV from Sharp.

TVs 1960-1970

1960-1970 TVs have improved; if initially TVs were produced using electronic vacuum tubes, after the invention of semiconductors, TVs began to be produced using transistors. The screens became large 25 inches.

TVs 1970-1980

1970-1980 During this period, there was a gradual curtailment of the production of black and white televisions; the attention of manufacturers was paid not only to the technical side, but also to the design of the television.

TVs 1980-1990

1980-1990 TVs did not change much, manufacturers experimented with design, produced portable TVs, and on the technical side there was a transition from semiconductors to microcircuits. TV cases are starting to be made of plastic.

TVs 1990-2000

1990-2000 The number of TV manufacturers is decreasing, this is affected by a decrease in consumer demand and market saturation with TVs. TV cases are starting to be made entirely of plastic. Full control only with the help of remote control, thanks to improved technologies (Slim), cathode ray tubes become shorter, and flat picture tubes have also been developed. The first flat-panel TVs made using plasma technology appeared. In 1992, the Japanese company Fujitsu developed the first 21-inch (53 cm) color plasma panel. Mass production of plasma TVs began in 1995. Development of LCD TVs has begun. The beginning of the production of LCD TVs was hampered by the quality of the panels, namely the long response time, which made them not competitive with plasma.

TVs 2000-2010

2000-2010 At the beginning of the 21st century, flat LCD TVs began to be produced in addition to flat-panel TVs made using plasma technology. By the end of the decade, the production of picture tube televisions (CRT) was curtailed. Televisions from leading manufacturers are produced either LCD or plasma.

TVs 2010-2020

2010-2020 The production of plasma TVs has practically ceased. The last significant manufacturer, Panasonic, stopped producing plasma in 2014. Chinese manufacturers a little later. Only LCD TVs are produced; the screen is backlit not with lamps but with LEDs. Televisions have become computers that have the ability to connect to the Internet and are integrated into the home computer network. In the middle of the decade, the production of LCD TVs ceased, and LED backlighting replaced lamp backlighting. The production of OLED TVs that do not require external lighting has been mastered. New materials began to be used in the manufacture of screens, and LED TVs based on quantum dots appeared.

Screen resolution If in 2010 TVs with HD and Full HD screens were mainly produced, in 2015 more than half of TVs have UHD resolution, by 2019 about 90% of produced TVs have UHD resolution. TVs are produced with huge curved screens up to 100 inches.

Experimenting with 3D 2012-2016 years, TVs with support for three-dimensional images were mass-produced. But this technology was not in demand; by 2017, the production of 3D TVs was discontinued.

The end of the decade saw the release of 8K TVs. Technical capabilities continue to be improved, HDR support has been implemented (the ability to control image quality down to a specific frame), but content with HDR metadata is required.

Modern life cannot be imagined without TV. It's hard to believe that once upon a time there was no television at all. The first broadcast of images at a distance appeared in the distant 1880s, and televisions then were electromechanical. It was only in 1907 that a method of electrical image transmission appeared, and in 1932 the Americans invented an electronic television. Soon after the first black-and-white models appeared, scientists developed the first color television. Black and white tones did not allow us to fully enjoy the beauty of the outside world. Our ancestors installed three-color film in front of the TV screen, thereby trying to diversify the color gamut of the image.

First patented design

At the end of the nineteenth century, Russian inventor and industrial engineer Alexander Polumordvinov suggested the possibility of color television. At the end of 1899, he managed to obtain a patent for a genuine multi-color television system. This system was analogous to today's. Throughout history, about twenty-five color transmission projects have been known, put forward by various inventors. Alexander Polumordvinov proposed the theory of three-component multi-color vision. This theory of color perception was called Lomonosov-Jung-Helmgontz.

The essence of the theory of color perception

The meaning of this theory was that when using a light filter (three colors), a multi-colored image of various shades is obtained. These colors - red, blue and green - are still used today.

Two disks were used to obtain the image. They rotated at different speeds parallel to each other. In the first disk, slits were made along the lines of the radius, that is, from the center to the edge, and in the second, slits were cut in the shape of a logarithmic spiral. The number of slits was a multiple of three.

When the slots on both disks intersected, a diamond-shaped hole was created, which acted as a spreading element as the disks rotated. To obtain an image signal, the slits were sequentially closed with light filters. They were purple, green and red. Using a selenium photocell, the light that leaked through the diamond-shaped hole was converted into an electrical signal. Between the visual projection of the transmitted image and the photocell in each time interval there was one hole, which was closed with a light filter of some color. At the moment when the hole went beyond the image frame, another hole moved from the opposite side, which was shifted by a distance equal to the width of the slit. This hole was closed with another light filter of a different color.

Find out when the first color TV appeared

Adamyar, Zvorykin and many other inventors were involved in the color television project. When figuring out what the first color TV appeared in the world, you should go back to the fifties, when in the USA the RCA company released the first TV with color broadcasting, the CBS RX-40, which had a mechanical scan. The screen was 14 by 10 cm in size; in front of it was a disk with light filters, which had a synchronized electric motor. But the image quality was very poor. In Russia, the first color television was released in 1954 in the city of Leningrad. The name of that model is "Rainbow". The advantage of the Soviet TV was that the rotating disk was hidden in the housing. The television receiver also had an external magnifying lens made of plastic, which was filled with distilled water.

Electronic scan development

In 1950, a kinescope was developed with three electron guns located at an angle of 120 degrees relative to each other. This TV had an electronic scan and a mask kinescope covered with a mosaic phosphor. Three beams emerged from three cathodes (guns) and were collected in a “mask”. Then the rays hit the screen and the segments glowed in green, red and blue.

Westinghouse period

Using this principle, in 1954, Westinghouse released the first color television and introduced it for sale as the model H840SK15. But out of the five hundred produced, only thirty were sold in a month; most remained unsold. This failure was explained by the high price - 1295 US dollars, in today's money - 11200 dollars. Even the advertising campaign, which was supposed to create a strong desire to buy the world's first color TV, did not help. Also, the first color TV was not needed due to its irrelevance, because most programs were shown in black and white.

Second TV brand

The RCA CT-100, released in April 1954, was more popular. This was the first mass-produced color television. Its screen was 12 inches. 5,000 televisions were sold at a price of $1,000. A couple of weeks later, the same company RCA released a TV with a 15-inch screen. Later, models with 19- and 20-inch screens were introduced.

Thus began the intensive development of increasingly advanced televisions. The color television market has expanded and now, when trying to figure out when color televisions appeared, some historians give different dates. But the fact remains that new functions appeared in them, capabilities changed. General Electric sold 15-inch TVs for $1,000, and Sylvania sold 15-inch TVs for $1,150. Some companies rented TVs. For example, Emerson charged two hundred dollars for the first month of rent, and the subsequent ones cost only $75. Then there was the price of $795 for a model with a diagonal of 21 inches. And by the end of 1957, one hundred and fifty thousand color televisions had been sold. In the sixties, many television models were developed, among which were the Rainbow and Temp. In the early seventies, the number of color broadcasts in the United States increased, and the cost of televisions decreased significantly. In 1967, the first color transmission of the SECAM standard appeared in the USSR, and the first Soviet color TV appeared on store shelves, it was called “Rubin-401”. It was completely Soviet designed.

in USSR

The mass sale of televisions with color images in the USSR occurred in the seventies. For example, the Electron TV had dimensions of 77.5 * 55 * 55 cm. Such a TV was a full-fledged part of the interior, because it was also used as a shelf. The diagonal of the "Electron" was 59 cm, and the mass was 65

kg. The TV body is covered with valuable wood and varnish.

Earlier, in February 1957, the Council of Ministers decided that broadcasting on the joint system should begin in 1958. OSCT-2 was manufactured at Shabolovka in November 1958. And in January 1960, it began broadcasting regularly using the NTSC system. At that time, only two factories were producing televisions. This is the Leningrad plant named after. Kozitsky - "Rainbow" and the radio plant in Moscow - "Temp-22". The TVs have not yet gone on sale, although 4,000 of them were produced.

First color broadcast

The first color broadcast took place in 1967 on November 7 thanks to the agreement between the USSR and France. The French system was called SECAM. The brand of the first color TV was also French - KFT.

“Rubin-714” appeared, which turned out to be the most popular at that time, since the screen diagonal was already 61 cm.

For a long period, color televisions were sold at reduced prices to provide consumers with the opportunity to obtain color television at an affordable price and appreciate its benefits.

By the end of the eighties, about fifty million color televisions were sold in the USSR, and inventors were developing more and more new models of their favorite equipment.

The structure of TVs from the 70s and 80s

Inside the case on the left there were a transformer, a settings block, a radio channel and a channel switch, and at the bottom there was a color block and a condenser block. The most dangerous and powerful part was installed on the right - a scanning unit with high-voltage lamps and a TV receiving the meter range. To receive decimeter channels, a set-top box was released that converted the channels into one of the meter ones. Later they released SKD blocks that existed until the mid-nineties, that is, almost twenty years.

The next step was the transition to transistors assembled from microcircuits. Lamps were no longer used. Televisions became smaller and smaller and more technologically advanced. Manufacturers now present a huge number of TVs of different sizes. The possibilities of television are growing every year - progress does not stand still.



 

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